Topology

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(track 1: Tuning in)
ABC news radio, 2001 - various randomly selected stories
In the Netherlands, a court has delayed ruling on the case of a doctor who helped a healthy eighty-six-year-old man commit suicide - the man had said he was simply “tired of living”

China has given its strongest indication that the United States will not be allowed to fly its damaged spy plane back home.

…money will be used to fund a 280 million-dollar plan to upgrade Lang Park, the football stadium.

(track 2: Year 2000)
Katherine Harris, Secretary of State, Florida, 27 November 2000
Governor George W. Bush: two million, nine hundred twelve thousand, seven hundred ninety. Vice President Al Gore: two million, nine hundred twelve thousand, two hundred fifty three.

Prime Minister John Howard, 26 September 2000, ABC Radio National
“What these Games have done is to dissolve differences and bring Australians closer together”

Athlete Cathy Freeman, Tuesday, 19 September 2000, ABC PM program, Radio National
I’ll just go out there with a lot of pride in my heart and see what happens

Australian Treasurer Peter Costello, interview with Phil Williams, ABC AM program, Radio National, Saturday, 1 July 2000, 8.00 am
This is the greatest reform of the taxation system, well, ever, in Australian history, and it’s pretty exciting to see it become a reality.

Panos Zavos, Saturday, 10 March 2001, ABC AM program, Radio National
We do intend to obviously clone the first human being.

Avri Beb Abraham, Saturday, 10 March 2001, ABC AM program, Radio National
Science must be daring and it must be innovative. Human therapeutic cloning has now moved from the shadows into the forefront. We have enough knowledge… to break the rules of nature.

Prime Minister John Howard, 2001
I do feel a sense of sorrow and regret about past injustices, but we have to get on with it - we have to worry about the now and the future, and not spend too much time debating the past…I’m sorry.

(track 3: Luddites)
Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer, Thursday, 2 December 1999, ABC AM program, Radio National
Those people who are demonstrating in Seattle are basically the 1999 equivalent of the Luddite movement in England. They don’t want to see any progress. They blame all of the problems of the world on trade liberalisation.

Protestor, Seattle, 1 December 1999
“The world is watching and they’re going to see the WTO shut down”

Protestor 2
“And we’ve created a human chain so we can not let the WTO members get to their meetings”

(track 4: That Woman)
US President Bill Clinton, 26 January 1998, public statement from the White House
I did not have sexual relations with that woman - Miss Lewinsky. I never told anyone to lie, not a single time, never.

Address to the nation, 17 August 1998
Indeed, I did have a relationship with Ms. Lewinsky that was not appropriate. In fact, it was wrong.

(track 5: Diana Princess of Wales)
Diana, Princess of Wales, BBC Panorama program, November 1995
I had bulimia for a number of years. And that’s like a secret disease. You inflict it upon yourself because your self-esteem is at a low ebb, and you don’t think you’re worthy or valuable.

(track 6: Pauline Hanson)
Australian Senator Pauline Hanson, ABC Background Briefing program, 17 September 2000, ABC Radio National What I’m saying is if an Aboriginal was born at the same date, same time as what I was, what gives them more right to this land than I do? I was born here.

(track 7: Death Cults)
Marshall Herff Applewhite, Heavens Gate leader, 5 October 1996
Planet Earth: about to be recycled. Your only chance to survive or evacuate is to leave with us.

Office worker, Oklahoma City, 19 April 1995
It was just the corner of the office that was left that we were in - everybody else that we worked with is gone

Ross Simpson, Associated Press, Oklahoma City, 19 April 1995
“Buildings all around me here have suffered extensive damage. The elevator doors have been blown off their hinges: that was the force of this blast. Ross Simpson, Oklahoma City.”

Japanese quotes from Aum members

David Koresh, 1992
People would kill me: fanatics, who are not going to have their minds unsettled in regard to what they believe or how they feel

(track 8: Recession)
Australian Treasurer Paul Keating, 29 November 1990, ABC radio
The accounts do show that Australia is in a recession. The most important thing about that is that this is the recession that Australia had to have

Prime Minister Bob Hawke, 23 June 1987
By 1990, no Australian child will be living in poverty

(track 9: Nelson Mandela inauguration)
SA President Nelson Mandela, Inaugural address, 10 May 1994, Pretoria
Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all.

(track 10: George Bush: Iraq in Kuwait)
US President George H Bush, 16 January 1991, address to the nation
That only force will make him leave
Saddam Hussein started this cruel war against Kuwait
invaded a small and helpless neighbor
its people brutalised

Just two hours ago, allied air forces began an attack on military targets in Iraq and Kuwait. These attacks continue as I speak. Ground forces are not engaged.

This conflict started August 2, when the dictator of Iraq invaded a small and helpless neighbor. Kuwait, a member of the Arab League and a member of the United Nations, was crushed, its people brutalised. Five months ago, Saddam Hussein started this cruel war against Kuwait; tonight, the battle has been joined.

(track 11: Tiananmen Square)
Radio Beijing, 4 June 1989
This is Radio Beijing, please remember June the third 1989. The most tragic event happened in the Chinese capital Beijing. Thousands of people most of them innocent civilians were killed by fully armed soldiers when they forced their way into the city. The soldiers were riding on armoured vehicles and used machine guns against thousands of local residents and students who tried to block their way.

(track 12: Australia II: America’s Cup)
Commentator for ABC radio, 23 September 1983
Australia II now moving closer - 80 yards to the finishing line. They’re getting closer - 50 yards to the finishing line. The Black Knight there, the finishing judge is there with a cannon, with a shotgun in his hand and we’re about to see Australia II go across the finishing line and … there we go! That’s it. Australia II has won the America’s Cup.

(track 13: Patrick White on nuclear war)
Patrick White, 1981
Nuclear warfare could mean the immediate annihilation of what we know as civilisation followed by a slow infection of those who inhabit the less directly involved surface of this globe as it revolves in space, swathed in its contaminated shroud.

(track 14: Lindy Chamberlain)
Lindy Chamberlain, 18 August 1980
There wasn’t time to go and tell people, I just yelled out “has anyone got a torch? A dingo’s got my baby

(track 15: Andy Warhol)
Andy Warhol, 17 March 1981 BBC Radio 3, interviewed by Edward Lucie Smith
Edward Lucie Smith: Do you believe in feelings and emotions?
Andy Warhol: Well, no I don’t, but I have them. I wish I didn’t.
Edward Lucie Smith: What, you’d like to get rid of them altogether would you?
Andy Warhol: Ah, would be a good idea, yeah.

(track 16: Hitchhikers Guide)
Excerpt from The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, BBC Radio 4, March 1978
Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz: People of Earth, your attention please. This is Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz of the Galactic Hyperspace Planning Council.

As you will no doubt be aware, the plans for development of the outlying regions of the Western spiral arm of the Galaxy require the building of a hyperspace express route through your star system, and regrettably your planet is one of those scheduled for demolition. The process will take slightly less than two of your earth minutes. Thank you very much.

Marvin the Robot: And then of course I’ve got this terrible pain in all the diodes down my left side.
Arthur Dent: Is that so.
Marvin: Oh yes. I mean I’ve asked for them to be replaced, but noone ever listens
Arthur: I can imagine

The Dismissal

(track 17: Gough Whitlam: Well may we say)
Former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, Canberra, 11 November 1975, ABC Radio
Well may we say “God save the Queen” because nothing will save the Governor General.

(track 18: Paul Keating)
Paul Keating, Minister for the Interior, 11 November 1975, Canberra, ABC Radio
Sir John Kerr’s done a completely unprincipled act. He said to me three weeks ago, when I was sworn in, “Mr Keating, we’ll be relying on your advice and the advice of your fellow members of the Executive Council.” He’s not sought our advice.

The point that needs to be considered here is that half of the Australian people are denied access to legitimate political power. Now we won forty-nine percent of the vote, f-forty nine and a half in ‘72 and formed a government; we got over half the votes in ‘74 and formed a government, and we can’t govern! Now where does the Australian parliamentary system go, when you’ve got monarchs and queens and Governor Generals just dismissing elected governments? He’s completely unjustified! Completely and totally unjustified!

Gough Whitlam
Well may we say “God save the Queen” Because nothing will save the Governor General

(track 19: Sir John Kerr)
Governor General Sir John Kerr, Australia Day address, 26 January 1976
As history unfolds Major events and problems occur and the nation has to accommodate itself to the impact upon it of great forces. It has to make big decisions.

The events of the past three months have focused our attention on the basis of our system of parliamentary government and on our written Constitution. Regrettably, a most difficult and unusual situation developed in the parliament, making it necessary for me to make a difficult decision. Whatever change one group or another thinks should be made, whatever defects may be apparent to many, the Constitution is the instrument of government that we in fact have, and we must follow it. We cannot change it except in the constitutional way that it specifies.

As history unfolds, major events and problems occur, and the nation has to accommodate itself to the impact upon it of great forces. It has to make big decisions.

(track 20: Richard Nixon)
US President Richard Nixon, Orlando Florida, 17 November 1973
I welcome this kind of examination, because people have got to know whether or not their president’s a crook. Well, I’m not a crook.

(track 21: Cyclone Tracy)
Darwin radio, 24 December 1974
Time on AGN is twenty-one minutes to ten. Top-priority cyclone warning issued by the Darwin tropical cyclone warning centre at 9:30 pm this evening. Tropical cyclone Tracy was located by radar 46 kilometers west-norwesterly.

(track 22: Brisbane Floods)
Brisbane ABC radio 612 4QR, 27 January 1974
I can see a boat down there manned by volunteers, taking people across from one side to the other. What a tremendous quantity of water we can see. Kenmore, Moggil, Brookfield area, and of course there’s been a tragedy last night when an army officer was killed at Bellbowrie.

ABC News radio summary
People stayed glued to their radios hoping for good news but getting only the bad, like the 66000 tonne Robert Miller, loose in the Brisbane River.

Brisbane ABC radio 612 4QR, 27 January 1974
At this present time, there is a guy on a ladder directly off the port bow, who is swinging to and fro - he’s no more than two feet above the water. At this point in time, he’s just put his right leg on top of the anchor, and that is no more than a couple of feet above the water. He’s been slipping to and fro, running like a pendulum, and at any stage…

(track 23: Idi Amin)
Ugandan President Idi Amin, 1973
I am about fifty years ahead of time. Therefore I am not thinking of today or day after tomorrow, but I’m thinking some fifty years or hundred years ahead.

(track 24: Gloria Steinem: This is no simple reform)
Gloria Steinem, Washington, D.C., 10 July 1971, National Women’s Political Caucus first national meeting
This is no simple reform. It really is a revolution. Sex and race because they are easy and visible differences have been the primary ways of organising human beings into superior and inferior groups and into the cheap labour in which this system still depends. We are talking about a society in which there will be no roles other than those chosen or those earned. We are really talking about humanism.

(track 25: Turn on, tune in and drop out)
Timothy Leary
Turn on, tune in and drop out

Australian theatre critic, 1969
Hair is where it is I think, because Hair is a sphere-think, it’s a global kind of show, it’s not a yard of theatrical ribbon marked one to thirty-six. It’s all around you, it’s in you, through you, loving you. You don’t go and see Hair, you go and be it.

Radio ad, Los Angeles, 3 May 1966
Pop goes Andy Warhol’s Plastic Inevitable show at The Trip starting tonight. You’ll flip at the Velvet Underground and Nico and the incredible light show and Andy’s fabulous underground movies, better not miss it, baby!

Richard Neville, ABC radio, 1970
Playpower is about wholesome things like drugs and sex, revolution, rock ‘n’ roll, and overthrowing governments, and travelling on international pot trails.

If you’re going to invent a new society, there’s going to be a lot of casualties and mistakes.

(track 26: Revolution 1968)
Abbie Hoffman, Yippie Convention, Chicago, 26 August 1968
You know, fuck ‘em. You know. I mean I saw an SBS college punk, you know, whose father’s probably got ten million dollars, and he’s working his way through the revolution by getting degrees, telling a fifteen-year-old yippie, who done hitched his way here from Haight-Ashbury on two bucks, telling him what to do! And that kid just smiled and he’s probably got a thing in his back pocket that he’s gonna get that SBS kid when the shit hits the fan.

Germaine Greer, 1970
Australia God damn!

US Vice President Spiro Agnew, 22 November 1970, Republican dinner, Houston, Texas
The student now goes to college to proclaim, rather than to learn. The lessons of the past are ignored and obliterated in a contemporary antagonism known as the ‘generation gap.’ . . .encouraged by an effete corps of impudent snobs who characterize themselves as ‘intellectuals’.

Actuality audio from the shootings at Kent State University, 4 May 1970
Cease fire! Cease fire!

Anti-war protest, 1970, Kent State University
No more war. No more war

(track 27: Moon landing: Neil Armstrong)
Neil Armstrong, 20 July 1969, the Moon
That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind

(track 28: Malcolm X: Whites can help us but they can’t join us)
Malcolm X, Press conference, 12 March 1964
Whites can help us, but they can’t join us. There can be no Black-white unity until there is first Black unity. We cannot think of being acceptable to others until we have first proven acceptable to ourselves. O Concerning non-violence: it is criminal to teach a man not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks.

There are problems in the community. Some of the examples of those problems are the vices that destroy the moral fibre in our community. Drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, organised crime. They rob the Negro community of probably 90% of its economic potential and moral potential. One of my reasons for going out on a limb as I have is to try and make white people be shocked, awake to some of their senses, because if they don’t awake, they’re going to find out that this little Negro that they thought was passive has become a roaring, uncontrollable lion, right in, right at their doorstep - not at their doorstep; inside their house, in their bed, in their kitchen, in their attic, in their basement. And if you know that in time, you can do something about it.

(track 29: MLK)
Martin Luther King, 28 August 1963, at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C.
Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God’s children. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end but a beginning.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!

I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today!

(track 30: White Australia Policy)
White Australia Policy
What do you think of the white Australia Policy?
Well I think it’s a good and they should really have it and keep out the coloured races”
Well i think it’s alright as far as it goes but I still think we should give our abos a fair go.
Kick em all out the same as we did in Queensland, keep em out, keep all the niggers out, Japs and everybody…
Why?
Well, we don’t want ‘em.
Do you consider you’re superior to the coloured people.
Well, I don’t know about that but I do know this: we had enough trouble to get rid of the Kanakas in Queensland. We don’t want Japs or anybody else here.
But do you think we can afford not to have them…
Yes I do.
The White Australia Policy.

(track 31: Arthur Caldwell)
Arthur Caldwell, Australian Labor Party leader
Any attempt to mix races is a bad thing. I’ve always fought any attempt to dilute our blood. I’ve always fought for the maintainence of our standards. I’m proud of my race.

(track 32: Menzies meets the Queen)
Prime Minister Robert Menzies, 18 February 1963, Parliament House, Canberra
I did but see her passing by, and yet I love her till I die (quoting Barnabe Googe)

(track 33: Goons)
The final Goon Show, 30 April 1972
Crun: That was a chicken duck cat.
Bannister: Oh dear, does it lay eggs?
Crun: No it lays kittens.

Timothy: Mr Secombe’s departure from the mic is a timely one. Any departure of his is timely.

I have a grave announcement to make. Just before this show started, Mr Max Geldray died. His wife described his condition as “satisfactory”. However, by waving some money under his nose, he’s recovered enough to play his probate.

Grytpype-Thynn: Here we are starving to death, and all you can think of is food!
Goon Show, 26 December 1956
Neddy Seagoon: What, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what?
Grytpype-Thynn: Do you mind facing west when you do that? It gets all over me.
Little Jim: He’s fallen in the water.

(track 34: DNA: Crick & Watson)
Francis Crick, BBC radio interview by Stephen Black, 11 December 1962
Watson was trained at the University of Chicago and got a degree in biology and had done research in bacteriophage, and I at the time was learning crystallography. And when we first met it was clear that to a large extent we had the same preconceived ideas - the same ideas of what was important in the sort of way things were likely to go. It’s useless working with somebody who’s either much too junior than yourself or much too senior, because then politeness creeps in, and this is the end of all real collaboration in science!

(track 35: Cuban missiles)
US Ambassador Adlai Stevenson, 25 October 1962, United Nations
All right sir. Let me ask you one simple question. Do you, Ambassador Zorin, deny that the U.S.S.R. has placed and is placing medium- and intermediate-range missiles and sites in Cuba?… Don’t wait for the translation! Yes or no?
USSR Ambassador Zorin: I am not in an American courtroom sir (translation)

(track 36: JFK)
US President John F. Kennedy, October 22, 1962 Address to the Nation
It shall be the policy of this Nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union.

I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to halt and eliminate this clandestine, reckless, and provocative threat to world peace. I call upon him further to abandon this course of world domination peace, and to join in an historic effort to end the perilous arms race and to transform the history of man.

Radio Moscow, 28 October 1962
This is Radio Moscow. Premier Khrushchev has sent a message to President Kennedy today. The Soviet government has ordered the dismantling of weapons in Cuba, as well as their crating and return to the Soviet Union.

(track 37: Duck & Cover: Joseph McCarthy)
Duck and Cover (US Civil Defense film, 1951)
US Senator Joe McCarthy, 17 March 1954, Irish Fellowship Club of Chicago

Song: There was a turtle by the name of Bert
McCarthy: We are not winning this war
Song: And Bert the Turtle was very alert
McCarthy: As of tonight, the seventeenth day of March 1954
Song: When danger threatened him, he never got hurt
MCarthy: The figure is eight hundred million people
Song: He knew just what to do
He’d duck and cover
McCarthy: Eight hundred million people in communist lands
Song: Duck and cover
McCarthy: Some of us in Washington have been trying to slowly dig out and expose to the public view those who would destroy this nation
Narrator: Now, you and I don’t have shells to crawl into like Bert the Turtle, so we have to cover up in our own way. Here’s Tony going to his cub scout meeting. Tony knows the bomb can explode any time of the year, day or night. Duck and cover! Atta boy Tony! That flash means act fast.
McCarthy: The deluded liberals, the eggheads
Bert the Turtle: Remember what to do friends. Now tell me right out loud, what are you supposed to do when you see the flash?
Children: Duck and cover!

(track 38: Salvador Dali)
Salvador Dali, 7 January 1962, interviewed by David Bryson, BBC
There’s many people [don’t] understand too much my paintings, but so eventually arrive in this country, [or] in Portugal, and instantaneously talk, now understand completely well the mystery and the violence of Dali’s pictures, because it’s the product of this Mediterranean and hallucinatory landscape.

(track 39: Sputnik)
Soviet news agency Tass, 5 October 1957
The first artificial Earth satellite in the world has now been created. This first satellite was today successfully launched in the USSR.

(track 40: Olympic City 1956)
ABC radio, 1956
And now the Australian Broadcasting Commission presents “Olympic City 1956″

Prime Minister Robert Menzies, 1956
Competitors and onlookers will receive a hearty Australian welcome

(track 41: That’ll be the day: Buddy Holly and Alan Freed)
Buddy Holly and Alan Freed, WNEW TV, 2 October 1958
Alan Freed: The one and only Buddy Holly, Buddy Holly!
Hey Buddy - good to see you old Buddy again. Ah, where are the other fellas?
Buddy Holly: They’re running around somewhere, Alan.
Alan Freed: They are?
Buddy Holly: Uh huh.
Alan Freed: Gee, well last time I saw you, I guess I haven’t seen you since our tour have I?
Buddy Holly: Not, ah… was in April wasn’t it?
Alan Freed: I think somewhere around there
Buddy Holly: Been a good while, uh huh?
Alan Freed: Yes it has been.
Buddy Holly: Well, we haven’t been working all summer, Alan, we’ve just been kinda loping and taking it easy and running around some, enjoying what we hadn’t enjoyed for the whole year previous, you know, all the work going on
Alan Freed: Oh boy, you worked hard that year Buddy
Buddy Holly: So ah, we’re getting ready for some new work now, and ah…
Alan Freed: You going on tour again?
Buddy Holly: I think so, uh huh
Alan Freed: Buddy, we had a lot of fun. We did a lot of flying.
Buddy Holly: Yeah, we sure did. You know I was just in the town the other day, in Cincinnati - you remember when we landed there, and the helicopter had crashed that day that we got in there
Alan Freed: That’s right
Buddy Holly: And ah, we took the ride in there from the airport, it reminded me of when we landed in…
Alan Freed: We, Buddy we played… I think we rode every kind of airplane there was… imaginable
Buddy Holly: We sure did!
Alan Freed: Those DC3s were really something
Buddy Holly: Ah, the ones with the “hmmp hmmp” - ha ha!
Alan Freed: Oh boy, oh boy! Without the seat belts we would’ve been right through the top, that’s for sure
Buddy Holly: Sure would.

(track 42: Blue Hills)
Blue Hills, 14 March 1951, ABC radio
Announcer: The ABC presents Blue Hills by Gwen Meredith - episode 528.
Ted: Good night Hilda.
Hilda: Oh my glory! Ted, you scared the daylights out of me! How did you get in?
Ted: Walked in.
Hilda: Oh it’s these sleepy hollow chairs that two and the missus gave us. Jow!
Charles: What’s up? Oh, I must have been asleep.

(track 43: Pick a Box: Barry Jones & Bob Dyer)
Pick-a-box
Time for Pick-a-Box, with Australia’s favourite host, Bob Dyer.

Bob Dyer: Hello, Barry-sters!
Barry Jones: How are you?
Bob Dyer: Doll, to bring us up to date on Barry - not everything, heh heh!
Well, Bob, Barry returns to Sydney after picking 22 boxes valued at over 4000 pounds.

(track 44: Jawaharlal Nehru: Gandhi’s funeral)
Jawaharlal Nehru, 30 January 1948, All-India radio
Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness everywhere. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we call him, the father of the nation, is no more.

(track 45: Gandhi’s spiritual message)
Mohandes Gandhi, 17 October 1931, Kingsley Hall, London, Columbia Gramophone Company
There is an indefinable mysterious power that pervades everything. I see it as purely benevolent, for I can see that in the midst of death life persists, in the midst of untruth truth persists, in the midst of darkness light persists. Hence I gather that God is life, truth, light. He is love. He is the supreme Good.

(track 46: Internationale: Lenin & Stalin)
Joseph Stalin (11 December 1937, Bolshoi Theatre) and Vlamir Lenin’s voices mixed with international recordings of the Internationale

(track 47: Hitler is dead)
Stuart Hibberd, BBC Radio news flash, 1 May 1945
This is London calling. Here is a news flash. The German radio has just announced that Hitler is dead. I’ll repeat that. The German radio has just announced that Hitler is dead.

(track 48: King George VI: V-E day)
King George VI, 8 May 1945
Today, we give thanks to Almighty God for a great deliverance. Speaking from our Empire’s oldest capital city, I ask you to join with me in that act of thanksgiving. Germany, the enemy who drove all Europe into war, has been finally overcome.

(track 49: Hiroshima: BBC’s Frank Phillips, President Truman)
Frank Phillips, BBC, 6 August 1945
Scientists, British and American, have made the atomic bomb at last. The first one was dropped on a Japanese city this morning.

US President Harry S. Truman, 6 August 1945
The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. We won the race of discovery against the Germans. We have used it to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans. We shall continue to use it until we have completely destroyed Japan’s power to make war.

Bob Trout, CBS radio news 14 August 1945 (re-recorded in 1948)
The Japanese have accepted our terms fully. This, ladies and gentlemen, is the end of the second world war!

(track 50: Ben Chifley: V-P day)
Prime Minister Ben Chifley, 15 August 1945
Announcer: Ladies and Gentlemen, the prime minister, Mr J B Chifley.
Fellow citizens, the war is over. Let us remember those whose lives were given that we may enjoy this glorious moment.

(track 51: Tokyo Rose)
Iva Toguri as ‘Orphan Ann’ on a simulated Zero Hour program staged for American newsreels, 20 September 1945
Greetings everybody, this is your number one enemy, your favourite playmate Orphan Ann on radio Tokyo. Get ready again for a vicious assault on your morale. Seventy-five minutes of music and news for our friends… I mean our enemies! - in the South Pacific”.

(track 52: Lord Haw Haw: Farewell speech)
Lord Haw Haw (William Joyce), 30 April 1945, Hamburg
No measure of tyranny will shatter Germany. Germany will live, because the people of Germany have in them the secret of life

(track 53: General Eisenhower: D-Day order)
General Dwight D. Einsenhower, D-Day order, 6 June 1944
Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Forces: You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade. The eyes of the world are upon you. We will accept nothing less than full victory! Good Luck! And let us all beseech the blessing of Almighty God upon this great and noble undertaking.

(track 54: D-Day)
US Foreign correspondent Charles Collingwood, 8 June 1944, Normandy
We are on the beach today on D-Day. The beach is lined with men and materials. On either side of us there are pillars of smoke, perhaps a mile, two miles away which are rising from enemy shelling and further back we can see the smoke and results of our own shelling.

General Eisenhower: This is the year 1944.

(track 55: Stalingrad: Paul Winterton report)
Paul Winterton, 2 February 1943, Stalingrad
The streets of Stalingrad, if you can give the name to open spaces between ruins, still bear all the marks of battle. There’s the usual litter of helmets and weapons, stacks of ammunition, papers fluttering in the snow, pocketbooks from dead Germans and any number of smashed corpses lying where they fell, or stacked up in great frozen heeps for later burial.

(track 56: Darwin bombed)
Darwin woman describes events of 19 February 1942, ABC radio
I may or may not have had a narrow escape had I remained in Darwin, because my home received a direct hit in one of the raids, and there was nothing but the cement pillars left standing.

(track 57: Lancaster bomber)
Inside a Lancaster bomber, 4 September 1943 raid over Berlin, BBC Radio
Pilot: Kenneth Harry Francis Letford DSO DFC* RAFVR (132892)
Flight Engineer: Charlie Stewart
Navigator: Denis Roland Fieldhouse DFC RAFVR(530895)
Bomb Aimer: Bill Bray
Rear Gunner: Henry Charles Devenish DFM (1452873)

Bomb Aimer: Bombs going in a minute.
Bomb Aimer: One, two, three….bombs still going.
Rear Gunner: Hey, Jerry tracer behind us boys.
Bomb Aimer: Bombs jettisoned.
Rear Gunner: Jimmy
Pilot: Where is he…ah…rear gunner, can you see him?
Rear Gunner: Down! Down!
Mid-Upper Gunner: Down!
Rear Gunner: He’s gone Down! He’s gone down.
Mid-Upper Gunner: Yes, he’s going down.
Pilot: Did you shoot him down?
Rear Gunner: Yeah.
Mid-Upper Gunner: Yes, he’s got him, boy, right in the middle. Bloody good show.
Bomb Aimer: Photograph….
Bomb Aimer: Photograph taken. Keep weaving, there’s some flak coming up with…
Pilot: OK. Don’t shout all at once!

(track 58: Belsen: Richard Dimbleby report)
Richard Dimbleby, BBC radio, Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, 15 April 1945
Babies had been born here - tiny wizened things that could not live. A mother, driven mad, screamed at a British sentry to give her milk for her child, and thrust the tiny mite into his arms and ran off crying terribly. He opened the bundle and found the baby had been dead for days. This day at Belsen was the most horrible of my life.

(track 59: FDR: Infamy)
US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 8 December 1941
Yesterday, December seventh, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy.

(track 60: John Curtin: War with Japan)
Prime Minister John Curtin, 8 December 1941
Men and women of Australia, we are at war with Japan. That has happened because in the first instance, Japanese naval and air forces launched an unprovoked attack on British and United States territory.

(track 61: BBC: War in the Pacific)
BBC radio news, 8 December 1941
This is the BBC home and forces program. Here is the news. This morning’s news of Japan’s aggression has had successful countermeasures against the invasion of Malaya. There have also been reports of enemy attacks on Thailand and Hong Kong. At Shanghai, the Japanese have taken over the international waterfront and sunk the British gunboat Petrel.

(track 62: Lord Haw-Haw: Germany calling)
Lord Haw-Haw, 27 February 1940, Berlin radio
Germany calling, Germany calling, Germany calling, you are about to hear our news in English. The British ministry of misinformation have been conducting a systematic campaign of frightening British women and girls about the danger of being injured by splinters from German bombs.

(track 63: Attacked at sea)
Robert Dougall, BBC radio, on board a British convoy in the North Atlantic, 29 November 1941
We’ve been attacked by bombers, wait a minute - here he comes. He’s on our fourth quarter, not much more than 500 feet up I should say, and he’s just about abreast of us now. There are bullets bursting all round him. There goes bombs!

(track 64: Nazi camps: It was common practice to remove the skins of dead prisoners)
Thomas Dodd, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg trials, 11 January 1946, reading from the Affidavit of Franz Blaha
It was common practice to remove the skins of dead prisoners

(track 65: Princesses Elizabeth & Margaret: Quartet for the end of empire)
Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret, 13 October 1940, international broadcast
Princess Elizabeth: I can truthfully say to you all that we children at home are full of cheerfulness and courage. We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen. And when peace comes, remember it will be for us, the children of today, to make the world of tomorrow a better and happier place. My sister is by my side and we are both going to say goodnight to you. Come on, Margaret.
Princess Margaret: Goodnight, children.
Princess Elizabeth: Goodnight, and good luck to you all.

(track 66: Churchill: Finest Hour)
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, 18 June 1940, House of Commons
What General Weygand has called the Battle of France is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire.

The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands.

But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science.

Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, “This was their finest hour.”

(track 67: Chamberlain declares war)
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, 3 September 1939
I am speaking to you from the Cabinet Room at 10, Downing Street. This morning the British Ambassador in Berlin handed the German Government a final note stating that unless we heard from them by eleven o’clock that they were prepared at once to withdraw their troops from Poland, a state of war would exist between us.

I have to tell you that no such undertaking has been received, and that consequently this country is at war with Germany. You can imagine what a bitter blow it is to me that all my long struggle to win peace has failed.

Yet I cannot believe that there is anything more or anything different I could have done and that would have been more successful. Up to the very last it would have been quite possible to have arranged a peaceful and honourable settlement between Germany and Poland, but Hitler would not have it. He had evidently made up his mind to attack Poland whatever happened.

(track 68: Mao proclaims the Republic)
Mao Zedong proclaims the People’s Republic, Tiananmen Square 1 October 1949
The Chinese people have finally stood up!

(track 69: Lee de Forest: 1939 World’s Fair)
Lee de Forest, 22 September 1939, Worlds Fair, New York City
It is not often the happy lot of a prophet to witness within a few years, or even in his lifetime, the fulfillment of his prophecies originally made before a world of indifference, a world of skeptics, yet such a situation has come to pass in the radio world.

Like a tidal wave, the attitude of press and public, of government officials and business directors towards radio broadcasting, towards the radio telephone itself, has mounted from the indifference of thirty years ago to a magnitude of interest which I had dimly foreseen in nineteen hundred and seven and eight, and which I had then fondly hoped to witness within my lifetime - hoped to have an active part in bringing to pass.

But really it does not seem so long ago - I remember it as if it were yesterday, that summer afternoon in 1907, when music was first sent out by radio phone. This was from the little laboratory in which I was at work in the old Parker building in New York City.

In that same laboratory many months earlier I conceived and tested the first three-electrode vacuum tube, first for the control electrode (a simple band of tinfoil wrapped around the outside of the tube), then with two plates, one on each side of the filament, one of the anode, the other the control electrode, and finally with the third electrode in the form of a grid, or a perforated plate, located between the filament and anode.

In that same little laboratory, I found that this grid tube, which is… we had recently christened the audion, would simply… would amplify a telephone current. It is true this all-important little glass baby was born in rather inauspicious surroundings, and when a year later a fire completely gutted the Parker building, I was the chief mourner. Radio did not have a great audience then, but I have never become completely reconciled to my loss in that fire, and I am sure that today the notebooks describing the earliest audion tubes, which were then destroyed, would have made a mighty interesting exhibit at this Worlds Fair.

Naturally, there was considerable history antedating my work in that old New York laboratory that may have an especial interest today. It was in Chicago in 1900 that an accidental discovery in the strange behaviour of a gas lamp led me to the train of thought which eventually resulted in the audion. I daresay that history is fairly familiar to many of my audience.

Neither will I sketch here, save very briefly, the radio development since 1907, because it is a story with which many of you are fairly familiar. Moreover, it is more profitable to look chiefly into the future.

We are apt to forget in contemplating the marvellous development of radio, which the broadcasting idea has brought upon us, how difficult it was to nurture its development without the discerning vision of certain of our more progressive newspapers in early days, the rapid popularity of broadcasting never could have been achieved. Contemplating it, I think back to 1919, when my loyal friend Claret S Thomson, who is here tonight, and I began a little quiet campaign of persuasion with certain editors seeking to show that unlimited possibilities for education and amusement the radio broadcast could possess.

One would have thought that we would be… we would find willing ears on the part of the newspapers - the reverse was the fact. It was extremely difficult to bring editors at that time to realise the possibilities for genuine good to the public which widespread radio broadcasting would accomplish.

There was one notable exception however - the management of the Detroit News grasped the idea as soon as presented. They saw the possibilities of radio and quickly agreed to help the good work along. A small transmitter was installed on the roof of their building, and to this newspaper belongs the honour of establishing the first radio broadcasting service consisting of interesting and up-to-date news bulletins, musical and other entertainment features gradually added, until today that pioneer station, WWJ, ranks with the foremost broadcasting stations in the world.

(track 70: Howard Carter: Tutankhamen)
Howard Carter, 1924, BBC
With intense excitement I went forward and unbolted the inner doors. They slowly swung open and there filling the entire area within stood an immense yellow corsite sarcophagus. It effectually barred any further progress, until we could raise the lid.

Then, a decisive moment. None of us but felt the solemnity of the occasion. In a dead silence, the huge lid, weighing over a ton and a quarter, was raised from its bed. LIght shone into the sarcophagus. The contents were completely covered with linen shrouds.

But as the last shroud was rolled back, a gasp of wonderment escaped our lips - so gorgeous was the sight that met our eyes: a golden effigy of the young king, of magnificent workmanship, filled the whole of the interior. This was but the lid of a series of three coffins, nested one within the other, enclosing the mortal remains of the young king Tutankhamen.

(track 71: Dad & Dave)
Dad n Dave
Dad: Hey, there’s a big crowd here, isn’t there Dave?
Dave: Yeah, I’ve never seen such a big crowd at a Snake Gully Cup. You think it’s safe to leave Socks in his stall with uncle Clarence?
Dad: Oh yes, he’ll be alright. Uncle Clarence won’t let any harm come to him. Well come on, let’s go to the betting ring. We’ll see if they fancy our horse.
Mum: Oh here you are Dad and Dave, I thought you were never coming back.
Dave: Oh well, we had a bit of trouble getting our money on.
Mum: Oh, you haven’t been betting have you?
Mabel: Oh, did you have a bet Dave?
Dad: Well, we just had five bob each way on our horse, Mum.
Mabel: I put five bob on too, Dave. I got twenty-five to one!
Dave: Oh, did you Mabel? Well, the money’s as good as in your pocket.
Dad: Look, there’s Socks going up to the barrier. Doesn’t he look bonzer?
Dave: Oh yeah! Good old Socks. He looks a picture doesn’t he?
Mum: what’s that horse with green and white stripes?
Dad: Uh, that’s Fancy Boy, the favourite. And there’s Nulla Nulla, and Jogalong just behind him.
Mabel: Red Goal looks a nice horse, doesn’t he?
Dad: Yes, they’re all up at the barrier now.
Race caller: With Socks winning by just a short head.

(track 72: Edward VIII abdicates)
King Edward VIII, 11 December 1936
At long last I am able to say a few words of my own. I have never wanted to withhold anything but until now it has not been constitutionally possible for me to speak. A few hours ago I discharged my last duty as King and Emperor. You all know the reasons which have impelled me to renounce the throne. But I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as King as I would wish to do without the help and support of the woman I love.

(track 73: Virginia Woolf)
Virginia Woolf, 29 April 1937, BBC radio
Words, English words, are full of echoes, memories, associations. They’ve been out and about, on peoples’ lips, in their houses, in the streets, in the fields, for so many centuries. And that is one of the chief difficulties in writing them today.

(track 74: Albert Einstein on pacifism)
Albert Einstein, United Nations radio interview 1950
We should strive not to use violence in fighting for our cause, but by non-participation in anything you believe is evil.

(track 75: Gandhi on pacifism)
Mohandes Gandhi, 6 December 1931, Dance Hall, Paris
The world has become sick of bloodthirsty war. The world is disgusted with deceit

(track 76: Bernard Shaw on pacifism)
George Bernard Shaw, 1939
The pacifist movement against war takes as its charter the ancient document called The Sermon on the Mount. This sermon is a very moving exhortation, and it gives you one first-rate tip, which is “to do good to those who do spitefully use you and persecute you.”

I, who am a much hated man, have been doing that all my life, and I can assure you that there is no better fun. But such a command as “love one another”. Do you love Mr Lloyd George? And if you do, do you love Mr Winston Churchill? Have you an all-embracing affection for Messrs. Mussolini, Hitler, Franco? As I see it, the social rule must be “live and let live”.

(track 77: Hitler: Germany is awake)
German Chancellor Adolf Hitler, Berlin Sports Palace, 8 April 1933 (Speech to SA and SS)
Die große Zeit ist jetzt angebrochen… Deutschland ist nun erwacht! Die macht haben wir nun in Deutschland gewonnen, nun gilt es das deutsche Volk zu gewinnen!

(The great time has now come to pass… Germany is now awake. If the German people had our same spirit, Germany could not be defeated.)

(track 78: War of the Worlds: Orson Welles)
Orson Welles reading from radio script adapted from H.G. Wells’ “War of the Worlds” - Columbia Broadcasting System, 30 October 1938
We know now that in the early years of the twentieth century, this world was being watched closely by intelligences greater than man. Across an immense ethereal gulf, minds that are to our minds as ours are to the beasts in the jungle regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us

(track 79: Aviators: Jean Batten & Amelia Earhardt)
Jean Batten lands at Mascot Aerodrome, Sydney, 30 May 1934
Welcoming committee spokesman: I welcome you to Mascot, and congratulate you on that wonderful record-breaking flight from England to Australia.

Jean Batten: Ladies and Gentlemen, I do want to say how very pleased I am to have arrived here safely, and I do also want to thank you for waiting here for my arrival. I’ve just been told that some people have been here since early this morning, and I’m only sorry that I could not have arrived sooner, but after all it is a woman’s privilege to be a little late.

Amelia Earhardt, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1935
Aviation, this young, modern giant, exemplifies the possible relationship of women and the creations of science. Air travel is as available to them as to men. I myself still fly a Wasp motor, which has carried me over the North Atlantic, part of the Pacific, to and from Mexico City, and many times across this continent.

(track 80: Charles Kingsford-Smith)
Charles Kingsford-Smith, 17 June 1928, The Southern Cross Trans-Pacific flight, Columbia record
Now I’m going to try to tell you something of the flight of the Southern Cross. Right at the outset, I want to stress this all-important fact: this flight was not my flight; it was a flight by Charles Ulm, Harry Lyon, Jim Warner and the chap that’s talking to you. Mine was the job to take that splendid bus off the ground, to fly it, and to bring it down again. I never want another experience like the one we had on the night of June the eighth. The best indication I can give you of the fierceness of that storm is the fact that nearly half an inch was sheared off our propellors by the rain, and believe me, those propellors are mighty tough. The Southern Cross proved herself to be the thoroughbred that she is, and we got through.

(track 81: ABC: 1932 Melbourne Cup)
1932 Melbourne Cup, ABC radio
They’re making a turn into the straight near the fleay (?) and it looks as though Induna and Rogilla are together about a length and it’s at the two-furlong stake, there’s little between Induna, and ah moving up well on the rails Beaunilly and then Rogilla and Peter Pan’s gone into it, oh Yarramba, a bolt in - he’s come in from the outside of the field and looks to have them all well beaten. Yarramba wins it all right - he’s coming away from Peter Pan and finishing on a bit strongly, but Peter Pan might get there! It’s going to Peter Pan’ll win it! Peter Pan’ll win it! Peter Pan wins from Yarramba with Shadow King third.

(track 82: e=mc²)
Albert Einstein, 1947
The equation e=mc², in which energy is equal to mass multiplied with the square of the velocity of light, showed that very small amount of mass may be converted into a very large amount of energy

(track 83: Ernest Rutherford: atomic physics)
Ernest Rutherford, 14 December 1931, Göttingen University
The broad features of the constitution of all atoms are now well established. As a result of the splendid work of Bohr and those who have followed him, we are able to understand the ge… the arrangement and the motion of the planetary electrons and the way in which light or x-rays are emitted when the atom is disturbed. Unfortunately, we have much less information about the constitution of the minute central nucleus. We know the value of the charge on each nucleus and also its mass. But we have no precise information of the nature and arrangement of the particles composing it.

(track 84: Empire State Building opening)
Empire State Building opening, 1 May 1931
We are on the top of the eighty-sixth floor of the Empire State building, the highest point in the world today.

(track 85: King Burraga (Joe Anderson): Aboriginal rights)
King Burraga, 29 September 1933
(Cinesound Review , no. 100)
It quite amuses me to hear people saying “I don’t like the black man”, but he’s damn glad to live in the black man’s country all the same

(track 86: Charles Lindbergh lands in Paris)
CBS radio, 21 May 1927
He made it - Charles A. Lindbergh landed at Le Bourget airport Paris at 5:24 this afternoon

(track 87: Bradman scores a century)
Cricket match, 3 March 1937, Melbourne Cricket Ground (5th Test)
And to Bradman again, and here we are waiting for the run that’ll give the Australian captain his hundred. Oh, this time he’s got it! The roar of the crowd - puts up a hundred.

(track 88: Warren Harding wins the US election)
Radio KDKA, Pittsburgh, 2 November 1920
And it appears from tabulations now completed that Harding will win easily over his opponent James Cox. James Cox a few minutes ago conceded defeat and sent a telegram of congratulations to Warren G. Harding, the next president of the United States.

(track 89: Nellie Melba at Covent Garden)
Dame Nellie Melba, 8 June 1926, Covent Garden farwell concert
Covent Garden has always been my artistic home and I love it - I love it more than any place in the world perhaps

(track 90: Sigmund Freud)
Sigmund Freud, BBC broadcast recorded at Maresfield Gardens, 7 December 1938
Sigmund Freud. I discovered some important new facts about the unconscious in psychic life, the role of instinctual urges and so on.

(track 91: Marconi 1915)
Gugliemo Marconi, 14 December 1935
Two and a half kilowatts output from the generator - a wavelength of 3800 metres and an aerial 500 feet in height.

On the outbreak of war, experiments in wireless telephony were discontinued commercially and were carried out only in connection with the military services as far as this country was concerned.

But in America, commercial research continued and at the end of 1915, the American Telephone and Telegraph company working in conjunction with the Western Electric Company, succeeded when conditions were favourable in transmitting speech from the United States naval station at Arlington to the Eiffel Tower station in Paris - a distance of 3800 miles. On this occasion over 300 valves, or tubes, were used in the oscillator and modulator circuits.

(track 92: Lady Margot Asquith: Outbreak of war)
Lady Margot Asquith, 1918
My husband, the Prime Minister, got up. “We meet,” he said, “under conditions of gravity which are almost unparalleled in the experience of every one of us. The issues of peace and war are hanging in the balance.” When my husband sat down, there was gravity and bewilderment on every face.

I got up to leave the gallery, but the earnest Ulster ladies crowded round me. “Good heavens, Margot,” they cried, “what can all this mean? How fearfully dangerous! Don’t you realise the Irish are fighting each other this very night?” Answering as if in a dream, I said “we are on the verge of a European war.”

(track 93: Conscientious Objector: Alfred Lester)
Alfred Lester, 1915 - Conscientious Objector song
Objection is a thing that I have studied thoroughly
I don’t object to fighting Huns, but should hate them fighting me
Send out the army and the navy
Send out the rank and file
Send out the bakers
And the blooming profit-makers
but for God’s sake don’t send me!

(track 94: Marconi 1913)
Gugliemo Marconi, 14 December 1935
It was in June 1913 that Dr Meißner employed the oscillating valve for the first time as carrier wave generator for transmitting speech between Berlin and Nauen, a distance of 23 miles.

(track 95: Ernest Shackleton)
Ernest Shackleton, recorded 30 March 1909
Main results of the British Antarctic Expedition of 1907 under my command are as follows.

We reached the point within 97 geographical miles of the South Pole. The only thing that stopped us reaching the actual point was the lack of fifty pounds of food. Another party reached for the first time the South Magnetic Pole, another party reached the summit of the great active volcano Mt Erebus.

We made many interesting geological and scientific discoveries and had many narrow escapes throughout the whole time. A typical narrow escape was when we were going up the great glacier toward the Pole. We were marching along, the three of us harnessed to one sled in very bad light. Our last pony was being led by another man with five hundred pounds of stores. All of a sudden, we heard a shout of “help” from the man behind. We looked round and saw him supporting himself by his elbows on the edge of a chasm. There was no sign of the pony, and the sledge was jammed with its bow in the crevasse. We rushed back and helped the man out and then hauled the sledge out. Then we layed down to have a look, but nothing but a black gulf lay below. The pony may have fallen 1000 or 1500 feet; anyhow, he’s gone.

What had happened was this: we, the first three, with our weight distributed crossed safely in the bad light, a bridge over an unseen chasm. The weight of the pony following was too much - it cracked through, but the ? of the sledge snapped, and that saved the sledge. The man leading the pony said that he just felt a rushing sort of wind - the rope was torn out of his hand, he flung himself forward and just escaped.

After this, we four men had 1000 pounds to pull, and we were unable to pull the whole load at once, so we had to relay. That is, we hauled half our load for a mile, then we walked back a mile, and then we hauled the other half up. So for every mile we gained to the South, we had to cover three to do it. And slowly we arose up the largest and the longest glacier in the world, some days spending twelve hours doing three miles, other times spending nearly half the day hauling each sledge up by means of the Alpine rope.

And thus we went along, and thus we returned. Having done a work that has resulted with a…in great advantage to science, and for the first time returning without the loss of a single human life. And throughout all this, I was helped by a party of men who were regardless of themselves and only thinking of the good of the expedition. I, Ernest Shackleton, have today, March the thirtieth, dictated this record. Alright?

(track 96: Marconi 1902)
Gugliemo Marconi, 14 December 1935
Early in 1902, during a voyage on the American liner Philadelphia to New York, I was able to receive signals from Poldhu in Cornwall for the whole distance at night time, although during the day the transmission range fell to 700 miles. I was thus able to discover the now well-known fact that wireless signals transmitted by wavelengths of few hundred meters can be received over much greater distances by night than during the hours of daylight.

(track 97: Marconi 1901)
In December 1901 I was able for the first time, by means of stations specially constructed for the purpose, to transmit and receive telegraphic signals right across the Atlantic Ocean, from Poldhu in Cornwall to St John’s Newfoundland, a distance of about 1,800 miles.

(track 98: Morse Code 1)
(track 99: Morse Code 2)

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